Mathematics is the language every other page on this site borrows from. Behind every equation in a physics article on Astrinova sits a mathematical structure that made the physics expressible in the first place, calculus for how things change, linear algebra for how quantum states combine, differential geometry for how spacetime bends. This page collects Astrinova's coverage of the mathematical ideas themselves: the proofs, the notation, the unsolved problems, and the strange results that shape how scientists describe the universe, from Newton and Leibniz inventing calculus to the number theory now underpinning modern cryptography. Some of it stands entirely on its own, some of it exists to make the physics elsewhere on this site easier to follow. Either way, it starts here.
